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Rigorous species delimitation is a challenge in biology and systematics in particular. In insects, male genitalia traditionally, and the barcoding region of the CO1 gene recently, are the main markers to identify species, even though a standalone use of CO1 for that is often criticized. In our systematic revision of the mycophagous and in other ways peculiar oxyporine rove beetles of Russia, the legacy alpha-taxonomy could not be improved by traditional investigation of genitalia as they are unusually character-poor in this group. Using phylogenetic inference and ancestral state reconstruction, we demonstrate that CO1 and endophallus are useful markers for species delimitation in  Oxyporus . We also show that many morphological traits previously used for species delimitation in Oxyporus are in fact highly variable and thus inconsistent. We hypothesize that in  Oxyporus  diversification of the endophallic structures is driven by intense intra- and inter-species interactions of multiple individuals co-occurring in narrow spaces inside fungal bodies during mating. Our results encourage broader use of both markers, especially easy-to-generate  dna  barcodes, for the desired alpha-taxonomical work in Oxyporinae globally. The revision revealed 10 species of  Oxyporus  in the fauna of the Russian Federation; eliminated erroneous species records; established two new synonyms,  Oxyporus  ( Oxyporus )  basicornis  Cameron, 1930 =  O.  ( O. )  aequicollis  Bernhauer, 1935,  syn.nov.  =  O.  ( O. )  parvus  Lee et al., 2020,  syn. nov.;  and raised the hypothesis that  O.  ( O. )  aokii  Dvořák, 1956,  O.  ( O. )  basiventris  Jarrige, 1948 and  O.  ( O. )  kobayashii  Hayashi, 2015 are conspecific with  O.  ( O. )  maxillosus  Fabricius, 1793. Lectotypes are designated for  O. (O.) basicornis  Cameron, 1930,  O. (O.) germanus  Sharp, 1889 , O.  ( O. )  niger  Sharp, 1889, and  O.  ( O .)  triangulus  Sharp, 1889. Comprehensive taxonomic treatment and an identification key are provided for all species.

contributions to zoology

DNA-barcode and endophallus morphology delimit congruent species in a systematic revision of the oxyporine rove beetles of Russia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxyporinae)