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The "response-to-retention" hypothesis of atherogenesis states that atherogenic lipoproteins, such as low density lipoprotein (LDL), are retained in vessels by proteoglycans and undergo proatherosclerotic modifications. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 has been identified in atherosclerotic vessels and has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate- and dermatan sulfate-containing proteoglycans by arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), but whether it promotes lipid retention has not been addressed. We investigated whether TGF-beta1 modulates the biosynthesis of proteoglycans by ASMCs in a manner that promotes binding to LDL. Proteoglycans isolated from TGF-beta1-treated ASMCs exhibited enhanced binding to native LDL compared with the binding of proteoglycans isolated from control cultures (K(d) 18 microg/mL LDL versus 81 microg/mL LDL, respectively). The increase in proteoglycan-LDL binding caused by TGF-beta1 could be attributed primarily to the glycosaminoglycan portion of the proteoglycans, since the glycosaminoglycan chains liberated from the core proteins of these proteoglycans synthesized in the presence of TGF-beta1 exhibited increased LDL binding as well. Furthermore, glycosaminoglycan chains initiated on xyloside (an initiator of glycosaminoglycan synthesis) in the presence of TGF-beta1 were longer and displayed enhanced binding to LDL compared with the LDL binding of xyloside-initiated glycosaminoglycan chains from control cultures. These results indicate that TGF-beta1 promotes LDL-proteoglycan interaction primarily by its effects on the glycosaminoglycan synthetic machinery of the ASMCs. Therefore, this study supports a proatherogenic role for TGF-beta1.

Proteoglycans Synthesized by Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells in the Presence of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Exhibit Increased Binding to LDLs