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Impacts of environmental regulations on the freight transport in Brazil: an analysis for soybean transport The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to a concern of how to reduce emissions of these gases. From this concern, regulatory instruments were conceived in order to reduce or control pollution levels. Within this context, this research examined the freight transport sector, with emphasis on the soybean transport. In Brazil, the transportation sector is a major contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels. In the transportation sector, emissions differ among transportation modes, with the railways and waterways polluting less than the highways. Thus, it is simulated by means of a linear programming model if the adoption of regulatory measures on CO2 emissions would bring a change in the use of railways and waterways. One of the findings, using the model of Minimum Cost Flow Minimization for soybean transport in 2013, was that the loading capacity on rail and waterway terminals plays a key role in reducing CO2 emissions. If there is an insufficient capacity, the adoption of a tax may not cause the reduction of emissions. In the case of the cap and trade system, this would require the purchase of carbon credits in a situation where the loading capacity in intermodal terminals is limited. It was found further that improvements in the infrastructure could play a mitigating role for emissions. An increase in capacity of existing rail and waterway terminals, as well as increasing the capacity of ports, can cause the reduction of CO2 emissions. If the expansion projects of railways and waterways developed by government agencies leave the paperwork, it can be reached a reduction of over 50% of CO2 emissions. It was still considered what would be the effects of increased use of biodiesel as fuel, being realized that it would be possible to obtain reductions in both emissions and the shipping cost. Similar effects were found when it was simulated an increase of energy efficiency. Finally, it was noted in this study that the adoption of a tax would not bring so many benefits, including the economic and environmental ones, to improve the country's logistics infrastructure.

Impactos de regulações ambientais sobre o transporte de cargas no Brasil: uma análise para o transporte de soja