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Background   High-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) infection is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. However, other common lower genital tract microbes may increase hr-HPV infection and their related cervical cytopathy.Methods   To confirm this hypothesis, cervical brush and vaginal swab specimens were collected from 826 adult patients who were divided into the hr-HPV-positive group (254) and the negative group (572) by real-time PCR assay. Cervical specimens were tested for  Ureaplasma parvum  (UP),  Ureaplasma urealyticum  (UU), and  Chlamydia trachomatis  (CT) using PCR analysis. Vaginal secretion was detected for  Trichomonas vaginalis  (TV),  Candida  spp., and bacterial vaginosis (BV) with conventional assay.Results   Among hr-HPV-positive women, UP was found in 51.6%, UU in 15.4%, CT in 15.7%,  Candida  spp. in 11.0%, TV in 3.1%, and BV in 20.5%. In the hr-HPV-negative group, UP was positive in 36.2%, UU in 8.6%, CT in 4.0%,  Candida  spp. in 12.4%, TV in 0.2%, and BV in 7.0%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with age-adjusted showed that UU (OR, 1.757), UP (OR, 1.804), CT (OR, 3.538), BV (OR, 3.020), and TV (OR, 14.109) were risk factors on hr-HPV infection ( P  < 0.05).Conclusion   These microbes might induce cervical chronic inflammation that would damage the mucosal barrier and immune protection to promote the infection of hr-HPV.

Correlation between Common Lower Genital Tract Microbes and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection