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Visually-induced motion sickness (VIMS), a side effect of perceived motioncaused by visual stimulation, is a major obstacle to the widespread use ofVirtual Reality (VR). Along with scene object information, visual stimulationcan be primarily indicated by optical flow, which characterizes the motionpattern, such as the intensity and direction of the moving image. We estimatedthe real time optical flow in 360-degree videos targeted at immersive userinteractive visualization based on the user's current viewport. The proposedmethod allows the estimation of customized visual flow for each experience ofdynamic 360-degree videos and is an improvement over previous methods thatconsider a single optical flow value for the entire equirectangular frame. Weapplied our method to modulate the opacity of granulated rest frames (GRFs), atechnique consisting of visual noise-like randomly distributed visualreferences that are stable to the user's body during immersive pre-recorded360-degree video experience. We report the results of a pilot one-sessionbetween-subject study with 18 participants, where users watched a 2-minutehigh-intensity 360-degree video. The results show that our proposed methodsuccessfully estimates optical flow, with pilot data showing that GRFs combinedwith real-time optical flow estimation may improve user comfort when watching360-degree videos. However, more data are needed for statistically significantresults.

Real-Time Viewport-Aware Optical Flow Estimation in 360-degree Videos for Visually-Induced Motion Sickness Mitigation