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During the past few years, mostly as a result of the GDPR and the CCPA,websites have started to present users with cookie consent banners. Thesebanners are web forms where the users can state their preference and declarewhich cookies they would like to accept, if such option exists. Althoughrequesting consent before storing any identifiable information is a good starttowards respecting the user privacy, yet previous research has shown thatwebsites do not always respect user choices. Furthermore, considering the everdecreasing reliance of trackers on cookies and actions browser vendors take byblocking or restricting third-party cookies, we anticipate a world wherestateless tracking emerges, either because trackers or websites do not usecookies, or because users simply refuse to accept any.  In this paper, we explore whether websites use more persistent andsophisticated forms of tracking in order to track users who said they do notwant cookies. Such forms of tracking include first-party ID leaking, IDsynchronization, and browser fingerprinting. Our results suggest that websitesdo use such modern forms of tracking even before users had the opportunity toregister their choice with respect to cookies. To add insult to injury, whenusers choose to raise their voice and reject all cookies, user tracking onlyintensifies. As a result, users' choices play very little role with respect totracking: we measured that more than 75% of tracking activities happened beforeusers had the opportunity to make a selection in the cookie consent banner, orwhen users chose to reject all cookies.

User Tracking in the Post-cookie Era: How Websites Bypass GDPR Consent to Track Users