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In this paper, we propose a new Blockchain-based message and revocationaccountability system called Blackchain. Combining a distributed ledger withexisting mechanisms for security in V2X communication systems, we design adistributed event data recorder (EDR) that satisfies traditional accountabilityrequirements by providing a compressed global state. Unlike previousapproaches, our distributed ledger solution provides an accountable revocationmechanism without requiring trust in a single misbehavior authority, insteadallowing a collaborative and transparent decision making process throughBlackchain. This makes Blackchain an attractive alternative to existingsolutions for revocation in a Security Credential Management System (SCMS),which suffer from the traditional disadvantages of PKIs, notably includingcentralized trust. Our proposal becomes scalable through the use ofhierarchical consensus: individual vehicles dynamically create clusters, whichthen provide their consensus decisions as input for road-side units (RSUs),which in turn publish their results to misbehavior authorities. This authority,which is traditionally a single entity in the SCMS, responsible for theintegrity of the entire V2X network, is now a set of authorities thattransparently perform a revocation, whose result is then published in a globalBlackchain state. This state can be used to prevent the issuance ofcertificates to previously malicious users, and also prevents the authorityfrom misbehaving through the transparency implied by a global system state.

Blackchain: Scalability for Resource-Constrained Accountable Vehicle-to-X Communication