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Disposing of waste to land is an activity as old as the human race itself. Any ancient deposits still in existence are now principally of archaeological interest. However, with the advent of the industrial revolution the volume of man's waste started to rapidly increase and with it the problems. In Britain and other similar developed countries the nature and composition of waste has evolved over the decades, reflecting contemporary industrial and domestic practices. Perhaps the most significant such trend concerns the gradual change from the relatively high-density, low putrescible content of Victorian and early to mid-twentieth century waste, when it was the practice to burn domestic waste and dispose of the ashes, to modern unburnt, low-density, highly putrescible domestic waste. The 1950s and 1960s witnessed the most rapid period of change in this respect. The manner in which waste has been disposed of to land has similarly undergone a process of gradual evolution, but with three key events taking place in the UK in modern times. Historically, waste has been disposed of either heaped on the ground, with the natural strata beneath remaining essentially undisturbed, or in convenient holes previously excavated for other purposes, generally quarries of one sort or another. In the latter case the waste abuts natural strata in the side walls and, often different, strata or the groundwater table beneath. Any attempts to engineer the containment of waste and control the spread of pollution from it were the exception not the rule until the Control of Pollution

Investigation, hazard assessment and remediation of existing landfills