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The characteristics of the electromechanical response observed in an ionic-electroactive polymer (i-EAP) are represented by the time ([Formula: see text]) dependence of its bending actuation ([Formula: see text]). The electromechanical response of a typical i-EAP — poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) doped with lithium perchlorate (LP) — is studied. The shortcomings of all existing models describing the electromechanical response obtained in i-EAPs are discussed. A more reasonable model: [Formula: see text] is introduced to characterize this time dependence for all i-EAPs. The advantages and correctness of this model are confirmed using results obtained in PEO-LP actuators with different LP contents and at different temperatures. The applicability and universality of this model are validated using the reported results obtained from two different i-EAPs: one is Flemion and the other is polypyrrole actuators.

Time-dependence of the electromechanical bending actuation observed in ionic-electroactive polymers