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The Langmuir probe is one of the classical instruments for plasma diagnostics [1] and among the first space-borne instruments. Langmuir probes have been successfully used aboard a number of rockets and satellites for in situ measurements of thermal plasma parameters in the terrestrial ionosphere [2], at other planets [3] and comets [4], and recently it is an indispensable instrument for measuring the satellite surface potential. In the present paper we discuss some theoretical and practical aspects of the application of the Langmuir probe for ionospheric measurements. We show that the spherical probe cannot be used for measurements in the ionosphere, and for the cylindrical probe the experimental Volt-Ampere curves are not described by the formula for an infinite cylinder. A formula is proposed for processing of this region. We demonstrate that in the case of two prevailing ions, their concentration can be found from the ion saturation region. Finally, we describe the two Langmuir probes designed and manufactured in Bulgaria, a part of the Plasma Wave Complex PWC (Obstanovka experiment) aboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station, whose goal is to monitor the surface charging and the noises and disturbances in the surrounding plasma induced by the station and by the experiments conducted aboard it.

AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING THE NEAR-SURFACE PLASMA TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION, AND THE SURFACE CHARGING OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION