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FuturICT foundations are social science, complex systems science, and ICT.The main concerns and challenges in the science of complex systems in thecontext of FuturICT are laid out in this paper with special emphasis on theComplex Systems route to Social Sciences. This include complex systems having:many heterogeneous interacting parts; multiple scales; complicated transitionlaws; unexpected or unpredicted emergence; sensitive dependence on initialconditions; path-dependent dynamics; networked hierarchical connectivities;interaction of autonomous agents; self-organisation; non-equilibrium dynamics;combinatorial explosion; adaptivity to changing environments; co-evolvingsubsystems; ill-defined boundaries; and multilevel dynamics. In this context,science is seen as the process of abstracting the dynamics of systems fromdata. This presents many challenges including: data gathering by large-scaleexperiment, participatory sensing and social computation, managing hugedistributed dynamic and heterogeneous databases; moving from data to dynamicalmodels, going beyond correlations to cause-effect relationships, understandingthe relationship between simple and comprehensive models with appropriatechoices of variables, ensemble modeling and data assimilation, modeling systemsof systems of systems with many levels between micro and macro; and formulatingnew approaches to prediction, forecasting, and risk, especially in systems thatcan reflect on and change their behaviour in response to predictions, andsystems whose apparently predictable behaviour is disrupted by apparentlyunpredictable rare or extreme events. These challenges are part of the FuturICTagenda.

Challenges in Complex Systems Science