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This article reviews several important results from RHIC experiments anddiscusses their implications. They were obtained in a unique environment forstudying QCD matter at temperatures and densities that exceed the limitswherein hadrons can exist as individual entities and raises to prominence thequark-gluon degrees of freedom. These findings are supported by majorexperimental observations via measuring of the bulk properties of particleproduction, particle ratios and chemical freeze-out conditions, and ellipticflow; followed by hard probe measurements. The results reveal that a dense,strongly-interacting medium is created in central Au+Au collisions at 200 GeVat RHIC. This revelation of a new state of nuclear matter has also beenobserved in measurements at the LHC. Further, the IP-Glasma model coupled withviscous hydrodynamic models, which assumes the formation of a QGP, reproduceswell the experimental flow results from Au+Au at 200 GeV. This implies that thefluctuations in the initial geometry state are important and the created mediumbehaves as a nearly perfect liquid of nuclear matter because it has anextraordinarily low ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density. However, thesediscoveries are far from being fully understood. Furthermore, recentexperimental results from RHIC and LHC in small p+A, d+Au and He+A collisionsystems provide brand new insight into the role of initial and final stateeffects. These have proven to be interesting and more surprising thanoriginally anticipated; and could conceivably shed new light in ourunderstanding of collective behavior in heavy-ion physics. Accordingly, thefocus of the experiments at both facilities RHIC and the LHC is on detailedexploration of the properties of this new state of nuclear matter, the QGP.

New State of Nuclear Matter: Nearly Perfect Fluid of Quarks and Gluons in Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC Energies