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Energetic ions lose their energy in tissue mainly by ionising its molecules.This produces secondary electrons which transport this energy radially awayfrom the ion path. The ranges of most of these electrons do not exceed a fewnanometres, therefore large energy densities (radial doses) are produced withina narrow region around the ion trajectory. Large energy density gradientscorrespond to large pressure gradients and this brings about shock wavespropagating away from the ion path. Previous works have studied these waves bymolecular dynamics simulations investigating their damaging effects on DNAmolecules. However, these simulations where performed assuming that all energylost by ions is deposited uniformly in thin cylinders around their path. In thepresent work the radial dose distributions, calculated by solving the diffusionequation for the low energy electrons and complemented with a semi-empiricalinclusion of more energetic $\delta$-electrons, are used to set up initialconditions for the shock wave simulation. The effect of these energydistributions vs. stepwise energy distributions in tracks on the strength ofshock waves induced by carbon ions both in the Bragg peak region and out of itis studied by molecular dynamics simulations.

the european physical journal. d, atomic, molecular and optical physics/the european physical journal. d, atomic, molecular, optical and plasma physics

Radial doses around energetic ion tracks and the onset of shock waves on the nanoscale