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Evaluating the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and its regulating role in global climate and eustasy hinges on our ability to understand the interaction of ice streams and the bed on which they rest. Rapid streaming of ice is enabled by flow across a deformable till bed produced by the incorporation of basal meltwater into unconsolidated sedimentary material. These ice streams are shown to have flowed across extensive deformable till beds characterized by megascale glacial lineations composed of soft deformation till. The onset of rapid ice discharge occurs at the transition from crystalline bedrock to seaward-dipping sedimentary strata. In most locations, the deformed bed extends tens of kilometers to the outer continental shelf, which implies a thin ice sheet margin. Furthermore, most of the lateral boundaries of these ancestral ice streams were not constrained geologically, and there is evidence that these boundaries migrated a few tens of kilometers. The extent of the deformable till bed, the nature of the boundaries, and the location of grounding-zone wedges, which record grounding-line positions of individual ice streams, vary from trough to trough, implying unique ice advance and retreat histories. These are all critical parameters in glaciological models and, therefore, predictions of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet’s stability.

Footprint of the Expanded West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Ice Stream History and Behavior