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Exposure of mammalian cells to UV radiation was proposed to stimulate the transcription factor NF-kappa B by a unique mechanism. Typically, rapid and strong inducers of NF-kappa B, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lead to rapid phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of its inhibitory protein, I kappa B alpha. In contrast, UV, a relatively slower and weaker inducer of NF-kappa B, was suggested not to require phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha for its targeted degradation by the proteasome. We now provide evidence to account for this peculiar degradation process of I kappa B alpha. The phospho-I kappa B alpha generated by UV is only detectable by expressing a Delta F-box mutant of the ubiquitin ligase beta-TrCP, which serves as a specific substrate trap for serine 32 and 36 phosphorylated I kappa B alpha. In agreement with this finding, we also find that the I kappa B kinase (IKK) phospho-acceptor sites on I kappa B alpha, core components of the IKK signalsome, and IKK catalytic activity are all required for UV signaling. Furthermore, deletion and point mutation analyses reveal that both the amino-terminal IKK-binding and the carboxy-terminal putative zinc finger domains of NEMO (IKK gamma) are critical for UV-induced NF-kappa B activation. Interestingly, the zinc finger domain is also required for NF-kappa B activation by two other slow and weak inducers, camptothecin and etoposide. In contrast, the zinc finger module is largely dispensable for NF-kappa B activation by the rapid and strong inducers LPS and TNF-alpha. Thus, we suggest that the zinc finger domain of NEMO likely represents a point of convergence for signaling pathways initiated by slow and weak NF-kappa B-activating conditions.

The Zinc Finger Domain of NEMO Is Selectively Required for NF-κB Activation by UV Radiation and Topoisomerase Inhibitors