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An HIV vaccine would thwart the spread of HIV infection and save millions of lives. Unfortunately, the immune responses conferring universal protection from HIV infection are poorly defined. The innate immune system, including the complement system, is an evolutionarily conserved, basic means of protection from infection. Complement can prevent infection by directly lysing incoming pathogens. We found that vaccination against SIV in rhesus macaques induces antibodies that are capable of directing complement lysis of SIV and SIV-infected cells in both sexes. We also found sex differences in vaccine-induced antibody species and their functions. Overall, our data suggest that sex affects vaccine-induced antibody characteristics and function and that males and females might require different immune responses to protect against HIV infection. This information could be used to generate highly effective HIV vaccines for both sexes in the future.

journal of virology

Analysis of Complement-Mediated Lysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) and SIV-Infected Cells Reveals Sex Differences in Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses in Rhesus Macaques