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Residues that create the grooves of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env triple-stranded coiled coil (HR1) and the residues that pack into the grooves (HR2) to complete the formation of the six-helix bundle (6HB) were mutated. The extent and kinetics of fusion as well as pore enlargement were measured for each mutant. Mutations near the hairpin turns of each monomer of the 6HB were more important than those far from the turn, for both HR1 and HR2. This result is consistent with the idea that binding of HR2 to the HR1 grooves is initiated near the hairpin turn of each monomer. Mutations at the distal portions also reduced fusion, albeit to a smaller extent. An intermediate of fusion (temperature-arrested state [TAS]) was formed, and the consequences of mutation were compared; a mutant that exhibited less fusion also showed slower kinetics from TAS. This suggests that formation of the bundle is a rate-limiting step downstream of the intermediate state. The rate of enlargement of a fusion pore also correlated with the extent and kinetics of fusion. The rate of pore enlargement was severely reduced by mutation. This supports our prior conclusion that formation of the 6HB occurs after pore creation and strongly suggests that the free energy released by bundle formation is directly used to promote pore growth.

journal of virology

The Six-Helix Bundle of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Env Controls Pore Formation and Enlargement and Is Initiated at Residues Proximal to the Hairpin Turn