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The emerging fungal pathogensCandida haemulonii andCandida pseudohaemulonii often show high-level resistance to amphotericin B (AMB). We compared the utilities of five antifungal susceptibility testing methods, i.e., the Etest using Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with glucose and methylene blue (Etest-MH), the Etest using RPMI agar supplemented with glucose (Etest-RPG), the Vitek-2 yeast susceptibility system, and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) broth microdilution methods, for the detection of AMB-resistant isolates ofC. haemulonii and closely related species. Thirty-eight clinical isolates (8C. haemulonii , 10C. pseudohaemulonii , and 20Candida auris isolates) were analyzed. Of the 18C. haemulonii andC. pseudohaemulonii isolates, 18, 15, 18, 10, and 9 exhibited AMB MICs of &gt;1 μg/ml by the Etest-MH, Etest-RPG, Vitek-2, CLSI, and EUCAST methods, respectively. All 20C. auris isolates showed AMB MICs of ≤1 μg/ml by all five methods. Of the methods, the Etest-MH generated the broadest distribution of AMB MICs for all 38 isolates and showed the best discrimination between theC. haemulonii andC. pseudohaemulonii isolates (4 to 32 μg/ml) and those ofC. auris (0.125 to 0.5 μg/ml). Taking the Etest-MH as the reference method, the essential agreements (within two dilutions) for the Etest-RPG, Vitek-2, CLSI, and EUCAST methods were 84, 92, 55, and 55%, respectively; the categorical agreements were 92, 92, 79, and 76%, respectively. This study provides the first data on the efficacy of the Etest-MH and its excellent agreement with Vitek-2 for discriminating AMB-resistant from AMB-susceptible isolates of theseCandida species.

journal of clinical microbiology

Detection of Amphotericin B Resistance in Candida haemulonii and Closely Related Species by Use of the Etest, Vitek-2 Yeast Susceptibility System, and CLSI and EUCAST Broth Microdilution Methods