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Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes acute and chronic Q fever in humans. Human Q fever is mainly transmitted by aerosol infection. However, there is a fundamental gap in the knowledge regarding the mechanisms of pulmonary immunity againstC. burnetii infection. This study focused on understanding the interaction betweenC. burnetii and innate immune cellsin vitro andin vivo . Both virulentC. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (NMI) and avirulent Nine Mile phase II (NMII) were able to infect neutrophils, while the infection rates were lower than 29%, suggesting thatC. burnetii can infect neutrophils, but infection is limited. Interestingly,C. burnetii inside neutrophils can infect and replicate within macrophages, suggesting that neutrophils cannot killC. burnetii andC. burnetii may be using infection of neutrophils as an evasive strategy to infect macrophages. To elucidate the mechanisms of the innate immune response toC. burnetii natural infection, SCID mice were exposed to aerosolizedC. burnetii . Surprisingly, neutrophil influx into the lungs was delayed until day 7 postinfection in both NMI- and NMII-infected mice. This result suggests that neutrophils may play a unique role in the early immune response against aerosolizedC. burnetii . Studying the interaction betweenC. burnetii and the innate immune system can provide a model system for understanding how the bacteria evade early immune responses to cause infection.

Coxiella burnetii Interaction with Neutrophils and Macrophages In Vitro and in SCID Mice following Aerosol Infection