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Depending on the moment of cellobiose starvation, Clostridium cellulolyticum cells behave in different ways. Cells starved during the exponential phase of growth sporulate at 30%, whereas exhaustion of the carbon substrate at the beginning of growth does not provoke cell sporulation. Growth in the presence of excess cellobiose generates 3% spores. The response of C. cellulolyticum to carbon starvation involves changes in proteolytic activities; higher activities (20% protein degradation) corresponded to a higher level of sporulation; lower proteolysis (5%) was observed in cells starved during the beginning of exponential growth, when sporulation was not observed; with an excess of cellobiose, an intermediate value (10%), accompanied by a low level of sporulation, was observed in cells taken at the end of the exponential growth phase. The basal percentage of the protein breakdown in nonstarved culture was 4%. Cells lacking proteolytic activities failed to induce sporulation. High concentrations of cellobiose repressed proteolytic activities and sporulation. The onset of carbon starvation during the growth phase affected the survival response of C. cellulolyticum via the sporulation process and also via cell-cellulose interaction. Cells from the exponential growth phase were more adhesive to filter paper than cells from the stationary growth phase but less than cells from the late stationary growth phase.

Clostridium cellulolyticum Viability and Sporulation under Cellobiose Starvation Conditions