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To detect small-scale changes in tissue with optical techniques, small sampling volumes and, therefore, short source-detector separations are required. In this case, reflectance measurements are not adequately described by the diffusion approximation. Previous studies related subdiffusive reflectance to gamma or sigma, which parameterize the phase function. Recently, it was demonstrated that sigma predicts subdiffusive reflectance better than gamma, and that sigma becomes less predictive for lower numerical apertures (NAs). We derive and evaluate the parameter R-pNA, which incorporates the NA of the detector and the integral of the phase function over the NA in the backward and forward directions. Monte Carlo simulations are performed for overlapping source/detector geometries for a range of phase functions, reduced scattering coefficients, NAs, and source/detector diameters. R-pNA improves prediction of the measured reflectance compared to gamma and sigma. It is, therefore, expected that R-pNA will improve derivation of optical properties from subdiffusive measurements. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DO

Modeling subdiffusive light scattering by incorporating the tissue phase function and detector numerical aperture