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The fluid mechanics and heat transfer characteristics of film cooling is three-dimensional and highly complex. To better understand this problem, an experimental study was conducted in a low speed wind tunnel on a row of six rectangular jets injected at 90° to the crossflow (main stream flow). The jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios (blowing ratios) examined were 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, and the jet spacing-to-jet width ratio was 3.0. No significant temperature difference between jet and crossflow air was introduced. Mean velocities, and six flow stresses were measured using a three-component laser Doppler velocimeter operating in coincidence-mode. Seeding of both jet and cross-stream air was achieved with a commercially available smoke generator. Flow statistics are reported in the form of vector plots, contours, and x-y graphs, showing velocity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stresses. To complement the detailed measurements, flow visualization was accomplished by transmitting the laser beam through a cylindrical lens, thereby generating a narrow, intense sheet of light. Jet air only was seeded with smoke, which was illuminated in the plane of the light sheet. Therefore, it was possible to record on video tape the trajectory and penetration of the jets in the crossflow. Selected still images from the recordings are presented. Numerical simulations of the observed flow field were made by using a multi-grid, segmented, k-ε CFD code. Special near wall treatment included a non-isotropic formulation for the effective viscosity, a low Re model for k, and an algebraic model for the length scale. Comparisons between the measured and computed velocities show good agreement for the non-uniform mean flow at the jet exit plane. Velocities and stresses on the jet centerline downstream of the orifice are less well predicted, probably because of inadequate turbulence modeling, while values off the centerline match those of the experiments much more closely.

Multiple Jets in a Crossflow: Detailed Measurements and Numerical Simulations