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The formability characteristics such as Erichsan number and peak load can be determined through the Erichsan cupping test. This test is inverted deep drawing with stretching methodology. In this test a spherical punch is used to evaluate the formability characteristics of sheet metals. In deep drawing process the sheet is formed to cup shape. Due to punch force, the tensile forces produced sheet metal and it is stretched radially, but it circumferentially compressed as its diameter decreases. If these stresses reach critical level characteristics of the material thickness, it causes slight undulations known as buckles. Buckles may develop into more pronounced undulations or waves known as wrinkles. Formation of wrinkles in cup depends on blank holding pressure. In Erichsan cupping test, a single specimen with required dimension drawn into cup until the fracture occurred at dome of cup by the force applied through continuous movement of hemispherical punch into specimen of sheet metal. In this test the cup height at fracture and peak load is measured. These are used as a measure of the formability index. Cup height at fracture in ‘mm’ is measured as Erichsan number. Cup height at fracture is used as the measure of stretchability. The formability can be expressed as erichsan number and peak load. In this test the formability characteristics of sheet metals such as alloys of aluminum, mild steel, titanium and also cartridge brass are studied through finite element analysis. The formability characteristics are can be evaluated through different formability tests. The tests are intrinsic tests and simulative tests. In the category of simulative tests such as bending tests, drawing tests, stretching tests and combined mode of tests. The formability characteristics of different sheet metals such as erichsan number and peak load can be studied from erichsan cupping tests. This test is under the category of stretching and drawing test [1-2]. Deep drawing is a compression-tension forming process. In this process the blank is generally pulled over the draw punch into the die; the blank holder prevents the wrinkling taking place in the flange. There is great interest in the process because there is a continuous demand on the industry to produce light weight and high strength components. Design in sheet metal forming, even after many years of practice, still remains more an art than science. This is due to the large number of parameters involved in deep drawing and their interdependence. These are material properties, machine parameters such as tool and die geometry, work piece geometry and working conditions. Research and development in sheet metal forming processes requires lengthy and expensive prototype testing and experimentation in arriving at a competitive product. The overall quality and performance of the object formed depends on the distribution of strains in the sheet material. Material properties, geometry parameters, machine parameters and process parameters affect the accurate response of the sheet material to mechanical forming of the component [3-5]. The effect of material properties on formability as the properties of sheet metals varies considerably, depending on the base metal ( steel, aluminum, copper, and so on), alloying elements present , processing , heat treatment, gage, and level of cold work. In selecting material for particularapplication, a compromise usually must be made between the functional properties required in the part and the forming properties of theavailable materials. For optimal formability in a widerange ofapplications, the work materials should: distribute strain uniformly, reach high strain with out fracturing, with stand in plane compressive stresses with out wrinkling, with stand inplane shear stresses without fracturing, retain part shape upon removal from the die, retain a smooth surface and resist surface

Evaluation of Erichsan Number and Peak Load of Sheet Metals