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TOMASKIN JAN, JANCOVIC JAN, VOZAR ĽUBOS, TOMASKINOVA JUDITA: The eff ect of mineral fertilization on belowground plant biomass of grassland ecosystems. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013, LXI, No. 5, pp. 1431–1440 Aim of the work was to determine the eff ect of diff erent doses of mineral fertilization on belowground and aboveground plant biomass production of three diff erent types of grasslands, to state R:S ratio (root:shoot) and turnover period of belowground plant biomass of grasslands. In the contribution, we assess production of underground biomass, tillering zone and aboveground biomass on three types of grasslands – permanent grassland (PG), over-sown grassland (OSG) and temporary grassland (TG) in sub-mountain area of central Slovakia. There were applied four levels of mineral nutrition in each grassland (non-fertilized variant, var. 30 kg.ha−1P and 60 kg.ha−1 K. var. 90 kg.ha−1 N + P30K60, var. 180 kg.ha−1 N + P30K60). The root biomass has the most signifi cant share in the total biomass of grasslands (49.9–54.2 %), followed by tillering zone (33.3–36.0 %) and with the lowest share of aboveground biomass (11.9–16.8 %). A dominant share of root biomass and tillering zone ensure signifi cant extraproductive functions of grasslands that contribute to the stability of agriculture landscape. We recorded the lowest amounts of root mass on TG (7.31 t.ha−1) and OSG (7.76 t.ha−1), the highest amounts on PG (8.52 t.ha−1). The specifi c nitrogen stimulating infl uence on root biomass production has been proven. Production of tillering zone was lower on OSG and TG (5.11 or 5.42 t.ha−1), signifi cantly higher on PG (5.72 t.ha−1). We observed a signifi cantly higher production of tillering zone with variants which were fertilized with nitrogen than on non-fertilized and PK fertilized. The lowest harvests of aboveground biomass were noticed on TG (5.80 t.ha−1), signifi cantly higher on PG and OSG (6.35 or 6.54 t.ha−1). Mineral nutrition had a signifi cant impact on production of aboveground biomass. R:S ratio of the assessed grasslands achieved the values from 4.02 to 5.16. Higher values on PG (5.16) are indicating its higher resistance to drought. Turnover time of root biomass was the longest on PG 3.5– 5.0 years, on OSG and TG 2.5–3.5 years. Based on achieved results, we recommend using the fodder plants cultivation system on PG or OSG. Permanent grasslands are proved as ecologically more stable and more resistant to drought than temporary grasslands; they can together with optimal mineral nutrition provide adequate production of root biomass (8.5 t.ha−1) and a harvest of aboveground biomass (6.3 t.ha−1). aboveground biomass, grass sod, grassland, plant biomass, root, R:S ratio, tillering zone, turnover time of root biomass Grass ecosystems are providing besides a productive function also signifi cant extraproductive functions (erosion control, retention, biofi ltration, environmental). Grass sod (root biomass and tillering zone) provides these functions and makes a dominant 80–85 % share in total production of grassland biomass. KRAJCOVIC, ONDRASEK (2007) consider grass sod as a central component of semi-natural grassland, which is physical, morphological, physiological and metabolic interface between aboveground and underground part of the biocenosis with important specifi c characteristics and functions for aboveground and underground biomass. 1432 Jan Tomaskin, Jan Jancovic, Ľubos Vozar, Judita Tomaskinova Grasslands ensure a signifi cant function of ecological stabilization in agriculture landscape. They dispose of homeostasis and adaptive mechanisms that successfully react to several negative anthropogenic eff ects and factors of environment; they are also resistant to longer drought period or water logging. Grasslands signifi cantly contribute to the soil protection from erosion by their massive root system. Dense overrooting system of sod layer enriching the soil of organic matter and humus in the mineralization process. Their adequate supply in the soil increases the retention capacity of agricultural landscape (RYCHNOVSKA et al., 1985; FIALA, 2007). The grasslands have contributed to the ecological stability by relatively closed mass and energy fl ow circulation. Practically, the whole biomass of roots and tillering zone enter to the closed natural biomass circulation. The opinions on the production of root biomass of grass swards with eff ect of fertilization are various. ULEHLOVA, HALVA, VRANA (1981), SNYDER, CISAR (2000), VELICH (1986) and others quote an increase in the root biomass amount a er the application of mineral nutrients. On the contrary, FIALA (1985, 2007) and MRKVICKA, VESELA, SKALA (2004) quote the root biomass reduction on grass swards a er the use of higher doses of nitrogen fertilization. We can assess the meadow-pasture grassland as highly stable and resistant ecosystem to adverse negative environmental eff ects in comparison with the agro-ecosystem on arable land where a major part of the biomass is used beyond its border (KUTSCHERA, 1991). Aim of the work was to determine the eff ect of diff erent doses of mineral fertilization on belowground and aboveground plant biomass production of three diff erent types of grasslands, to state R:S ratio (root:shoot root biomass weight rate on aboveground swards mass) and turnover period of belowground plant biomass of grasslands. Achieved results are documented ecological and environmental importance of root biomass of grasslands. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this article, we report the results which are a summary of scientifi c knowledge included the solutions of research projects solved at Department of Research Institute of Grass Swards and Mountain Agriculture in Banska Bystrica – Slovak Republic. Problems of accumulation and root system creation of grass ecosystems in various conditions of fertilization we monitored during the years 1993–1998 at three vegetation types: permanent grassland (PG), over-sown grassland (OSG) and temporary grassland (TG). The experiment took place at Radvaň – by the Suchý vrch (48° 44 N, 19° 09 E) at an altitude of 460 m above the sea, in Banska Bystrica, Central Slovakia. In the experiment was used block design in four replications. The area belongs to the region Kremnicke and Starohorske vrchy. Climatological characteristic: a slightly cool and a slightly wet area. Exposition to the northern slopes of 5 °C. Average annual precipitations are 746 mm, 422 mm per growing season. The average annual temperature is 8.21 °C and 15.03 °C for vegetation during a growing season. The basic meteorological data, mean air temperature (°C) and rainfall sum (mm) during the growing season and the year for reporting period are shown in Tab. I. I: Mean air temperature (°C) and rainfall sum (mm) during growing season and year

The effect of mineral fertilization on belowground plant biomass of grassland ecosystems