English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

HADAŠ, Z., ČECHOVÁ, M., NEVRKLA, P.: Eff ect of feeding sows on rations enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the growth capacity and survival of their piglets. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012, LX, No. 6, pp. 81–88 The evaluation of the eff ect of supplements of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) given to pregnant and lactating sows on the phenotypic manifestation of their reproductive performance and on the birth and weaning weight of piglets was performed under conditions of a commercial herd of pigs. The experiment involved altogether 40 hybrid sows divided into two equal groups, i.e. Controls with 20 sows and Experimental Group with also 20 sows. Experimental Group received within the time interval from the 108th day of pregnancy to the 28th day a er the parturition a supplement of 2 % of CLA. In individual litters the following performance parameters were recorded: number of all newborn piglets, number of piglets born alive, number of stillbirths, number of weaned piglets and individual weights of newborn piglets and weaned piglets. Obtained results concerning numbers of all newborn piglets in Controls and Experimental Group (i.e. 12.20 ± 2.09 and 11.85 ± 2.58, respectively) indicate that supplementing of the feeding ration with CLA in the last stage of pregnancy does not infl uence the size of litter. In Controls, numbers of piglets born alive were higher by 0.4 animals per litter; this diff erence, however, was statistically insignifi cant. Also the weights of newborn and weaned piglets were not infl uenced by the supplement of CLA. Statistically signifi cant diff erences (P ≤ 0.01) were found out between Controls and Experimental Group in numbers of weaned piglets, viz. 9.75 ± 1.68 vs. 8.35 ± 1.39, respectively, and between corresponding losses until weaning, viz. 0.95 ± 1.39 vs. 2.60 ± 1.93 in Controls and Experimental Group, respectively (P ≤ 0.01). reproduction, sow, piglet, fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, losses, body weight The level of reproductive capacity of sows is generally accepted as a key factor that infl uences effi ciency and economic profi tability of pig farming. Regarding the current trends of reduction in sow numbers, it is very important to improve their reproductive parameters. To preserve the competitiveness of the pig industry, it is necessary not only to increase numbers of newborn piglets but also numbers of weaned piglets per sow per year because also these are economically very important. The nutritional and physiological condition of pregnant and lactating sows directly infl uences not only the development of foetuses but also growth and health condition of newborn piglets. Genotypes of modern types of sows enable to reach a high level of fertility and their progeny shows a great growth potential (Ji et al., 2005). The level of reproduction is infl uenced by a number of factors and these can be divided into two basic groups, viz. internal and external eff ects. Environmental and living conditions of animals play an important role in launching the process of control of sexual activity and the nutrition is one of the most important among them (Říha et al., 2003). The nutrition of sows is a complex and dynamic process that involves a regulated transfer of nutrients from the feeding 82 Z. Hadaš, M. Čechová, P. Nevrkla ration into embryonic tissues, foetuses and milk (Easterl and Kim, 1998). Kim et al. (2007) mentioned that a restricted nutrition within the period of pregnancy and lactation resulted in the occurrence of catabolic processes so that the supply and availability of nutrients for foetuses was reduced (especially in the second half of the pregnancy period). As mentioned by Zijlstra et al. (1996) and Bressner et al. (2000), catabolic processes could not only inhibit the growth of foetuses and of newborn piglets but also increased their mortality and morbidity. Although the basic mechanisms have not been fully explained yet, they can involve a reduced availability of functional amino acids and fatty acids. These compounds are not only indispensable for growth of animals but also for the synthesis of many biologically active substances (Uauy and Castillo, 2003). A supplementation of amino and fatty acids showing specifi c functions can increase performance of sows through their eff ects on key metabolic pathways. These substances may increase conception rate, embryogenesis, antioxidant activities, immune system, and development of intestinal walls (Kim et al., 2007). Fatty acids are the most important of them and, from the viewpoint of nutrition, they are also the major constituents of lipids (Velíšek, 1999). A great importance is accredited above all to omega-3 fatty acids. These are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which must be supplied to pigs via the feeding rations. They play a key role in growth and development of all body organs and determine some of their properties. Essential PUFAs are also precursors of eicosanoids, prostaglandins and leucotriens (Kojima et al., 1997). Recently, also CLA is in focus of interest, viz. due to its physiological eff ects, not only in the sphere of human medicine and physiology but also in that of animal nutrition. Its eff ects were studied by many authors, e.g. by Belury (2002) who investigated its role in lipodystrophy, Kim et al. (2002) who paid attention to its anticancerogenous eff ects, Bhattacharya et al. (2006) who analysed its eff ects on the immune system, Thiel-Coooper et al. (2001) who studied its eff ect on the growth capacity, and Harrell et al. (2002) who paid attention to the role of CLA in reproduction. CLA represents a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (C18:2). These isomers have conjugated double bonds; this means that they are not separated by a methyl group as other fatty acids with two and more double bonds. CLA is an intermediate product of transformation of linoleic acid to oleic acid by rumen bacteria of the species Butyirivibrio fi brisolvens (Kepler et al., 1966). In animal nutrition, we use synthetic CLA, which can be produced by means of a non-destructive alkaline isomeration from linoleic acid, a common component of plant oils (Marounek, 2007). The aim of this study was to verify the eff ect of CLA on reproductive parameters of sows as well as on basic parameters of the growth capacity of piglets within the period from birth till weaning. MATERIALS AND METHODS The evaluation of the eff ect of CLA on reproductive parameters of sows and on birth weight and growth capacity of piglets within the period from birth to weaning was performed on a commercial pig farm of the agricultural company Bonagro a. s. with the seat in Šlapanice, Czech Republic. Experiments involved altogether 40 pregnant hybrid sows, which were divided into two groups: Controls (C) with 20 sows received a standard feed mixture and the Experimental Group of another 20 sows received the same feed mixture with a supplement of 2 % of CLA. Experiments began on the day of arrival of pregnant sows (i.e. on the 108th day of pregnancy) to the farrowing house. Pregnant and lactating sows were housed in individual farrowing pens. Both groups of sows were fed individually on a standard feed mixture for lactating sows (sold under the commercial name KPK) three times a day; water was available ad libitum. Experimental feed mixture with the supplement of 2 % CLA was off ered from the 108th day of pregnancy (i.e. 7 days prior to parturition) till the weaning of piglets. On this farm, piglets were weaned early, i.e. in the age of 28 days. This means that the experimental feed mixture was off ered to sows for a period of 35 days. CAL was supplied in the form of the BASF preparation Lutalin (C 18:2 trans-10 cis-12). The agricultural enterprise Bonagro has a feed mill of its own where a standard feed mixture was enriched with 2 % CLA. Numbers of newborn piglets (all, born alive, and stillbirths) were recorded in all litters. Recorded were also weights at birth and on the day of weaning. Birth weights of piglets born alive were recorded individually within the fi rst 24 hours of life. Piglets that died in the course of parturition (i.e. at birth) were not involved in this study. For the period of following 28 days, all piglets were with their mothers so that they passed through an identical period of milk nutrition. On the day of weaning, i.e. in the age of 28 days, the weight of each individual was recorded as well. This means that for the statistical analysis the following data were used: number of all piglets, number of piglets born alive, their weight at birth, and their weight on the day of weaning. These data were statistically processed and analysed using the package STATISTICA, version 8.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results of evaluation of eff ects of CLA supplements on the phenotypic level of reproduction traits of sows are presented in Tab. I. It results from data presented in Tab. I that the phenotypic level of reproduction traits of sows was not signifi cantly infl uenced by supplements of 2 % CLA given to sows a er the 108th day of pregnancy. Recorded numbers of all newborn piglets (12.20 ± 2.09 vs, 11.85 ± 2.58 in Controls and in Experimental Group, respectively) obviously indicated that CLA supplements off ered in the last stage of pregnancy did not infl uence the number of piglets per litre. Eff ect of feeding sows on rations enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the growth capacity and survival 83 Similar results obtained also Harrell et al. (2002) who reported that the supplement of 1 % CLA showed no eff ect on the number of newborn piglets. Also Park et al. (2005) published similar results; in their experiments, sows received a supplement of 3 % CLA since the 74th day of pregnancy but the eff ect of this dose on the size of litter was not signifi cant. However, other studies indicated that a supplement of CLA given in diff erent stages of the reproductive cycle

Effect of feeding sows on rations enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the growth capacity and survival of their piglets