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The study was conducted to assess the eff ect of conventional,integrated and organic management on diff erences in plantspecies composition, richness and diversity. The plants werestudied in triads of orchards situated in three regions of theCzech Republic. Data about species occurrences were collectedon 15 permanent plots in the tree rows and 15 plots betweentree rows in each of the apple orchards during 2009. A total of201 vascular plant species (127 native species, 65archaeophytes, and 9 neophytes) were found. Management type andalso diff erent regional conditions had a signifi cant eff ecton plant species composition and on diversity parameters oforchard spontaneous vegetation. Species richness and speciespool was signifi cantly higher in the organic orchards than inthe diff erently managed orchards. Management type had significant eff ect on proportions of archaeophytes, and alsoneophytes in apple orchards.

Organic, integrated and conventional management in apple orchards: effect on plant species composition, richness and diversity