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HANUŠ, O., GENČUROVÁ, V., KUČERA, J., VYLETĚLOVÁ, M., TŘINÁCTÝ, J.: Analyse of relationships between freezing point and selected indicators of udder health state among cow, goat and sheep milk. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2009, LVII, No. 5, pp. 103–110 Milk freezing point (MFP) is important quality indicator. Aim was to analyse the relationships of MFP to selected udder health milk indicators (MIs) by comparison between cows (reference), goats and sheep. Bulk milk samples came from 3 herds of Czech Fleckvieh (B, n 93) and 1 goat herd and sheep fl ock (White short-haired, W, n 60; Tsigai, C, n 60). Animal nutrition was performed under the typical country conditions. MIs which were investigated: DM, dry matter; SNF, solid non fat; L, lactose (all in %); SCC, somatic cell count (103 ml−1); EC, electrical conductivity (mS cm−1); MFP (°C); Na and K (in mg kg−1). W MFP was −0.5544 ± 0.0293, B −0.5221 ± 0.0043 and C −0.6048 ± 0.0691 °C. The B MFP was related to L (−0.36; P < 0.01), W was not related to L (−0.07; P > 0.05) and C was related to L (0.40; P < 0.01). These facts could be explainable by worse SCC geometric averages for used W (3,646 103 ml−1) and C (560 103 ml−1) milk as compared to B (159 103 ml−1). Only 0.5 and 10.5% of variations in MFP were explainable by variations in DM and SNF in B, 32.7 and 12.8% in W but already 49.4 and 45.0% in C. Higher C values were caused by high MFP variability, 11.8% (C) versus 0.8% (B). There is possible to derive the more reliable MFP qualitative limits for more effi cient monitoring rules of milk quality problems in B, W and C. ruminant, raw milk, milk freezing point, udder health state, lactose, somatic cell count, electrical conductivity, natrium Raw milk quality is very important for food chain safety. That is reason why mentioned problem was studied in terms of diff erent point of views by row of papers during last time (Vyletělová et al., 1999, 2000, 2001; Cempírková and Thér, 2000; Hanuš et al., 2004 a; Cempírková, 2001, 2002, 2007). Milk freezing point (MFP) is an important polyfactorial physical and technological indicator. This is used for control of milk food chain quality (Buchberger, 1994; Kološta, 2003). More papers were carried out about MFP measurement principles (Koops et al., 1989; Bauch et al., 1993; Buchberger and Klostermeyer, 1995). More authors (Demott 1969; Brouwer, 1981; Walstra and Jenness, 1984; Hanuš et al., 2003 b) reported that lactose content causes 53.8% of the MFP depression in cows. Further the MFP is determined in declining order by K+ 12.7%, Cl− 10.5%, Na+ 7.2%, citrates 4.3%, urea 1.9% and other components such as fat and protein 6.9%. The main practical eff ect on cow MFP deterioration could be a foreign water addition. Possible infl uence of the fi rst automatic milking system (AMS) on MFP deterioration was also recently published (Rasmussen and Bjerring, 2005). The MFPs were stabilized a er technical improvement of the AMS. The frequency of MFPs above −0.516 °C was 23% in the fi rst year with use of AMS and declined to 2.2% in the last year. Nevertheless, besides foreign drinking watter addition more factors exist, which can infl uence the cow MFP (Freeman and Bucy 1967; Eisses and Zee, 1980; Buchberger, 1990 a, b, 1991, 1994, 1997; Wiedemann et al., 1993). In general there can be farm im104 O. Hanuš, V. Genčurová, J. Kučera, M. Vyletělová, J. Třináctý pacts such as dairy cow herd, breed, herd milk yield, year season, pasture, nutrition and feeding of dairy cows, their lactation stage and their state of health in terms of production disorder occurrence (mastitis, ketosis, acidosis, alkalosis), too (Hanuš et al., 2003 b). Also animal species is an essential factor. Therefore, it is very important to diff er in the right way between the mentioned impacts and real foreign water addition in terms of objective milk quality determination for purposes of milk payment and milk foodstuff chain quality control. However, it is not always clear under the practical conditions. There are other technological negative impacts on the freezing point of pasteurized milk during its processing like drinking water addition and protein heat stress (Rohm et al., 1991; Roubal et al., 2004; Janštová et al., 2007). All cow milk deliveries for processing into dairy plants contain foreign water to a certain degree in dairy developed countries in terms of machine milking existence. Sheep and goat farming is returning back into the Czech Republic (CR) because of confi rmed positive eff ects of alternative milk consumption on human health. The importance of raw milk quality control is still growing not only in cows but also in goats and sheep (Antunac et al., 2001; Hejtmánková et al., 2002; Kuchtík and Sedláčková, 2003; Paape et al., 2007; Raynal-Ljutovac et al., 2007). Therefore the aim of this paper was to analyse the relationships of freezing point to milk components or properties which are closely linked with health state of mammary gland by interspecifi c comparison between cow, goat and sheep bulk milk. MATERIAL AND METHODS Breed, herd, animals and milk samples The details of experimental ruminant keeping were described also in our corresponding works (Hanuš et al., 2005, 2008 a, b; Genčurová et al., 2008 a, b; Macek et al., 2008) including climate conditions. Bulk milk samples (BMSs, small groups of animals, from 4 to 6 animals in one sample, which is valid for all species) were collected in three dairy cow herds with Czech Fleckvieh cattle (B; Bos primigenius f. taurus, L, 1758; n = 93 BMSs), one goat herd (W; Capra aegagrus f. hircus, L, 1758; White short-haired breed; n = 60 BMSs) and one sheep fl ock (C; Ovis aries, L, 1758; Tsigai; n = 60 BMSs). The animals in herds and fl ock were sampled in spring and summer seasons repeatedly for 3 years (2005–2007). The herds were kept in altitudes from 360 to 475 (B) and 572 m (W and C) over the sea level. The goat herd and sheep fl ock were kept in one stable in less favourable area. The nutrition of animals and species was carried out in typical ways under the the CR conditions. The dairy cow herds were fed by total mixed ration (TMR), which consist of: maize silage 13 kg; trifolium silage 9 kg; whole spindle maize silage (LKS) 5 kg; brewery draff 3 kg; concentrates 6 kg per cow and day. Feeding was performed in agreement with standard demands and according to current daily milk yield. Goat herd and sheep fl ock were fed by the natural grass and herb pasture (composition with the dominance: Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrygia repens, Trifolium repens and Taraxacum offi cinale) and by the grain supplement with daily ration 0.6 kg for goat and 0.3 kg for sheep (mixture of grains and mineral components). All sampled animals were in fi rst two third of their lactation and had typical milk yield for relevant breed in the country (B 20.04; W 1.75; C 0.36 kg per day). All animals were milked twice a day by machine milking. The cows were kept in tie stable (pipeline milking equipment), the goats and sheep in free stables (milking parlours). Similar fi le but with lower number of BMSs was obtained also from Holstein cows (H) and this fi le was partly simultaneously evaluated (Hanuš et al., 2008 a, b) as well. Investigation of chemical-compositional, physical, health and technological milk indicators Milk analyses were performed regularly in accredited testing laboratory in Rapotin (n. 1340, EN ISO 17025, accreditation certifi cate No. 124/2004) according to valid standard operation manuals. The following abbreviations were used for investigated MIs: DM = dry matter (total solids, %); SNF = solid non fat (%); L = lactose (monohydrate %); SCC = somatic cell count (103 ml−1); EC = electrical conductivity (mS cm−1); MFP = milk freezing point (°C); macroelements such as Na, natrium and K, kalium (in mg kg−1); RIS = residues of inhibitory substances in milk = antibiotica drugs (positive, negative). DM, SNF and L contents were determined by apparatus Milko-Scan 133 B with relevant calibration (Foss Electric). SCC was investigated by instrument Fossomatic 90 (Foss Electric). Both previously mentioned instruments took part in relevant profi ciency testing regularly. EC was measured by conductometer Radelkis OK 102/1 with using of glass bell electrode and standard NaCl solution for calibration. MFP was determined by cryoscope CryoStar automatic (Funke-Gerber; Brouwer, 1981; Koops et al., 1989; Bauch et al., 1993; Buchberger and Klostermeyer, 1995). For Na and K (Hejtmánková et al., 2002) the used analytical instrument was atom absorption spectrophotometer SOLAAR S4 plus GFS97 (Graphite Furnace). Statistical data processing The processing of the results included calculation of basic statistical parameters, regression analy se and correlation coeffi cients (Programme Excel). Cow results were used as reference for comparison to small ruminant milk results. SCC values were loga rith mi cal ly transformed because of no normal frequency distribution in most of cases (Ali and Shook, 1980; Raubertas and Shook, 1982; Shook, 1982; Reneau, 1986; Reneau et al., 1988; Meloun and Militký, 1994; Hanuš et al., 2001; ) and a er that also geometrical averages were used in evaluation of results. Analyse of relationships between freezing point and selected indicators of udder health state among cow, goat 105 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Evaluation of main statistical results in ruminant milk The average goat MFP (Tab. I) was −0.5544 ± 0.0293 °C and diff ered signifi cantly (P < 0.001) from B cow MFP −0.5221 ± 0.0043 (also from −0.532 ± 0.005 Holstein cows; Hanuš et al., 2008 a, b) and from C sheep MFP −0.6048 ± 0.0691 °C (Macek et al., 2008). There were result similarities to other published values (Rohm et al., 1991; Roubal et al., 2004; Janštová et al., 2007). The other average values of investigated MIs in various ruminant species moved in normal ranges (Hanuš and Foltys, 1991; Antunac et al., 2001; Hejtmánková et al., 2002; Ku