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DOSTÁL, J., CERHANOVÁ, D., HAJZLEROVÁ, L., MARTINCOVÁ, J., POSPÍŠILOVÁ, P., POKORNÝ, E., LOŠÁK, T.: Long – term evalutation of the organic matter balance and its relations to the organic C content in the topsoils in Ústí nad Orlicí district. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2009, LVII, No. 2, pp. 13–24 Organic matter balance in the farms located in Ústí nad Orlicí district has been investigated since 1979. As a result, so called need of organic fertilisation, has been determined and the supply of the organic fertilisers to soils, e.g. farmyard manure, slurries and also straw and green manure has been monitored over the whole time period. About 45 % of the arable land area in the district has been monitored. In addition to the organic matter balance, we determined several soil organic matter characteristics in soil samples (organic C, N and S contents, inert and decomposable C content, hot water soluble C content, hydrophobicity index calculated from the DRIFT spectrometry, available P, K, Ca and Mg contents and pH). The relationships between the organic matter supply with supplemental sources organic fertilisers and all the selected soil organic matter characteristics were statistically signifi cant. Signifi cant correlations were also found for the relationships between the organic matter need and all the selected soil organic matter characteristics. soil organic matter, farm fertilisers, organic fertilisers, agricultural systems The average production of farm manures (farmyard manure and slurries) in the Czech Republic has been estimated to 0.8–0.9 t organic matter (OM) per hectare of arable land annually, in the present time. Due to the drop down of the number of farm animals during the last years, production of farmyard manure and slurries dropped down, as well. The defi cit in organic matter balance has been diminished by means of supplemental resources like straw, green manure or beet leaves application. However, there are large diff erences in diff erent regions, districts or even farms in the number of farm animals and farm manure production per hectare, as shows Tab. I. Organic matter balance in selected crop rotations in the farms located in Ústí nad Orlicí district has been calculated since 1979. They are described in the publications Dostál (2002); Dostál et al. (2003); Kubát et al. (2004); Dostál et al. (2006). So called need of organic fertilisation and supply of the farm and organic fertilisers to soils, e.g. farmyard manure, slurries and also straw and green manure has been monitored over the whole time period. The whole acreage of the district was monitored in time period 1981 to 1989. In 1991 to 1998 was the extent diminished to 17 farms, i.e. 23 crop rotations, encompassing about 45% of the arable land area in the district. In the district, there are several climate regions from the T3 – warm, slightly wet at 10.1% of the agricultural land, MT2 – slightly warm, slightly wet at 16.8% of the agricultural land, MT4 – slightly warm, wet at 43.4% of the agricultural land, MCH – slightly cold, wet at 24.1% of the agricultural land and CH – cold and wet at the 5.7% of the agricultural land. The topography of the region is diff erentiated (about 14 J. Dostál, D. Cerhanová, L. Hajzlerová, J. Martincová, P. Pospíšilová, E. Pokorný, T. Lošák 37.4% is fl at, and about 24% of the agricultural land is on slopes higher than 7°). The soil types are diff erentiated, as well. There are several subtypes of Luvisols and Cambisols up to acid Spodosols. Ma jori ty of soils are medium heavy soils (83%), light soils are much less frequent (14%) and the same is true for the heavy soils (3%). According to the production classifi cation, 10.5% of the agricultural land belongs to the beet region, 67.2% to cereal region and 22.3% belongs to the fodder crop region. Ústí nad Orlicí district is characterised with a high level of the agricultural production and a high degree of the soil productivity utilisation. One of the benefi cial factors is the maintenance of relatively high density of the farm animals and an eff ective utilisation of the organic farm fertilisers. According to the Czech Statistical Offi ce Report (2000), the density of farm animals is about 50% higher in comparison with the average in the country (0.60 AU.ha−1 arable land) and it reached 0.90 animal units (AU) per ha arable land. The share of the cattle (83%) is also more favourable than the average of the whole country (69%). Total number of crop rotations is 62 with avera ge acreage of 814 ha arable land in the present time. With the increasing cost of the transport and privatisation, the number of crop rotations increases and their acreage decreases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methodology of the so called “need of organic matter determination” in a crop rotation has been described by Neuberg et al. (1990). A normative of the need of organic matter is estimated according to soil textural classes and mainly according to the crop rotation (proportion of crops in crop rotation). Organic matter production was estimated from the re gi ste red application of the farm and organic fertilisers using average values of analyses of farm fertilisers or, partly, from the standard recommended values of the organic matter content in farm fertilisers. In the Ústí nad Orlicí district, organic fertilisation has been monitored since 1979 in in di vidual crop rotations. Since spring 2002 (18th to 25th March), soil samples of 40 selected localities on arable soils (top soil 0–0.2 m) cropped with winter wheat and winter raps were taken, yearly. The selected localities are si tua ted directly in the area or in the vicinity of the areas that have been investigated for the organic matter balan ce for a long time. The soil samples were tho roughly mixed, passed through 2 mm sieve and air dried at a room temperature. Air dried soil samples were transferred to the laboratory and following characteristics have been determined: organic C content (wet oxidation) according to Alten et al. (1935), total C, N and S content (Leco CNS 2000 elemental analyse, or Vario Max analyse, since 2005), hot water solu ble C content (Schulz, 1997), DRIFT spectra and hydrophobicity index (Capriel et al. 1995; 1997). The results over the time period 2002–2007 have been evaluated in relation to the organic matter balan ces by means of calculation of the correlation coeffi cients and chart curves. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Organic matter balance Generally, there are large failings in handling with the organic fertilisers in this country. For this reason, a “Programme of organic fertilisation” had been elaborated in seventies for the Ústí nad Orlicí district. Since that time, several indicators of organic matter balance, selected in frame of this programme, have been monitored up to now. Long-term monitoring of the organic matter balances refl ects quite well the consequences of transformation in agriculture during the last decade. During eighties, the results obtained were relatively positive. Average balance between production and need of organic matter was positive, ranging between 0.36 and 0.71 tons organic matter (OM) per 1 ha of arable land annually for the whole district during 1981 to 1987. Analyses of individual crop rotations has shown that the arable land area showing a defi cit in organic matter balance dropped down from 27% to 6% only, during that time period. In 1991, however, similarly to previous two years, the density of farm animals, mainly cattle, diminished and some perennial fodder crops were partly substituted with cash crops in crop rotations (Tab. II). In 2002, the proportion of maize grown for the conservation of wet grains increased. Since 2007, the proportion of the sugar beet growing has dropped down. These changes and also increasing costs of transport adversely aff ected organic matter balance in Ústí nad Orlicí district (Tab. III). The proportion of crop rotations with negative or only slightly positive organic matter balance increased (Tab. IV). In 1992 and also 1993, the negative trend of the previous three years was partly compensated. The number of farm animals was stabilised and, simultaneously, perennial fodder crops acreage increased, as well (Tab. II). Perennial fodder crops have shown to be essential, mainly a er the lack of fodder due to the dry weather in previous years. As a consequence, organic matter balance in Ústí nad Orlicí district improved. A er 1992, the number of farm animals in the traditional stables diminished by 10%. On the contrary, the number of pigs slurry producing stables increased by 30%. Supplemental resources of organic matter (e.g. straw, green manure, compost, sewage sludge) changed, as well. Compost production dropped down by 70% and was partly substituted with green manure, acreage of which increased 3 times. A substantial change occurred in 1995. Positive organic matter balance reached 0.95 t OM . ha−1 arable land due to the measures in organic matter utilisation (better quality of liquid manures due to improvement of the stable’s technology, increased ploughing of straw and green manure, etc.). Long-term evaluation of the organic matter balance and its relations to the organic C 15 In 2005 the application of supplemental resources reached its maximum. Participation of supplemental organic matter resources in the all resources reached 39.5 % (in that: straw 31.2%, green manure 7.8%, compost and sewage sludge 0.5%). Since 2005, intercrop-growing is supported by the government, and therefore, green manure is perspective. In 2006, supplemental organic amount dropped down due to precipitation defi cit and hot temperature in July. In 2007, share of supplemental resources reached 36,9%. During 1997–2007, acreage of cash crops increased on account of perennial fodder crops (Tab. II) and reach 66.3% of arable soil area. Average need of organic matter has therefore increased by 40%, as compared 2003 with 1993 (Tab. III). However, part of pr

Long-term evaluation of the organic matter balance and its relations to the organic C content in the topsoils in Ústí nad Orlicí district