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Over the last 40 years, the  12 C + 12 C fusion reaction has been the subject of considerable experimental efforts to constrain uncertainties at temperatures relevant for stellar nucleosynthesis. Recent studies have indicated that the reaction rate may be higher than that currently used in stellar models. In order to investigate the effect of an enhanced carbon‐burning rate on massive star structure and nucleosynthesis, new stellar evolution models and their yields are presented exploring the impact of three different  12 C + 12 C reaction rates. Non‐rotating stellar models considering five different initial masses, 15, 20, 25, 32 and 60 M ⊙ , at solar metallicity, were generated using the Geneva Stellar Evolution Code ( genec ) and were later post‐processed with the NuGrid Multi‐zone Post‐Processing Network tool ( mppnp ). A dynamic nuclear reaction network of ∼1100 isotopes was used to track the  s ‐process nucleosynthesis. An enhanced  12 C + 12 C reaction rate causes core carbon burning to be ignited more promptly and at lower temperature. This reduces the neutrino losses, which increases the core carbon‐burning lifetime. An increased carbon‐burning rate also increases the upper initial mass limit for which a star exhibits a convective carbon core (rather than a radiative one). Carbon‐shell burning is also affected, with fewer convective‐shell episodes and convection zones that tend to be larger in mass. Consequently, the chance of an overlap between the ashes of carbon‐core burning and the following carbon shell convection zones is increased, which can cause a portion of the ashes of carbon‐core burning to be included in the carbon shell. Therefore, during the supernova explosion, the ejecta will be enriched by  s ‐process nuclides synthesized from the carbon‐core  s ‐process. The yields were used to estimate the weak  s ‐process component in order to compare with the Solar system abundance distribution. The enhanced rate models were found to produce a significant proportion of Kr, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ru, Pd and Cd in the weak component, which is primarily the signature of the carbon‐core  s ‐process. Consequently, it is shown that the production of isotopes in the Kr–Sr region can be used to constrain the  12 C + 12 C rate using the current branching ratio for α‐ and p‐exit channels.

The effect of 12 C + 12 C rate uncertainties on the evolution and nucleosynthesis of massive stars