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When assessing a software-based system, the results of Bayesian statistical inference on operational testing data can provide strong support for software reliability claims. For inference, this data (i.e., software successes and failures) is often assumed to arise in an independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) manner. In this paper we show how conservative Bayesian approaches make this assumption unnecessary, by incorporating one&#x0027;s doubts about the assumption into the assessment. We derive conservative confidence bounds on a system&#x0027;s probability of failure on demand ( pfd ), when operational testing reveals no failures. The generality and utility of the confidence bounds are illustrated in the assessment of a nuclear power-plant safety-protection system, under varying levels of skepticism about the i.i.d. assumption. The analysis suggests that the i.i.d. assumption can make Bayesian reliability assessments extremely optimistic &#x2013; such assessments do not explicitly account for how software can be very likely to exhibit no failures during extensive operational testing despite the software&#x0027;s  pfd  being undesirably large.

The Unnecessity of Assuming Statistically Independent Tests in Bayesian Software Reliability Assessments