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Cascaded H-bridge and modular multilevel converters (MMC) are on the rise with emerging applications in renewable energy generation, energy storage, and electric motor drives. However, their well-known advantages come at the price of complicated balancing, high-bandwidth isolated monitoring, and numerous sensors that can prevent MMCs from expanding into highly cost-driven markets. Therefore, an obvious trend in research is developing control and topologies that depend less on measurements and benefit from simpler control. Diode-clamped topologies are considered among the more applicable solutions. The main problem with a diode-clamped topology is that it can only balance the module voltages of a string in one direction; therefore, it cannot provide a completely balanced operation. This article proposes an effective balancing technique for the diode-clamped topology. The proposed solution exploits the dc component of the arm current by introducing a symmetrically level-adjusted phase-shifted modulation scheme, and ensures the balancing current flow is always in the correct direction. The advantages of this method are sensorless operation, reduced computation, and control effort, lower communication requirement, removing the voltage sensors, and low overall cost. Analysis and detailed simulations provide insight into the operation of the new balancing technique and the experimental results confirm the provided discussions.

Modular Multilevel Converter With Sensorless Diode-Clamped Balancing Through Level-Adjusted Phase-Shifted Modulation