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Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is an emerging communication standard for Internet of Things (IoT) that has strong potential to support connectivity of a large number of roadside sensors with an extremely long communication range. However, the high operation cost to manage such a large-scale roadside sensor network remains as a significant challenge. In this article, we propose Low Operation-Cost LPWAN (LOC-LPWAN), a novel optimization framework that is designed to reduce the operation cost using the cross-technology communication (CTC). LOC-LPWAN allows roadside sensors to offload sensor data to passing vehicles that in turn forward the data to a LPWAN server using CTC aiming to reduce the data subscription cost. LOC-LPWAN finds the optimal communication schedule between sensors and vehicles to maximize the throughput given an available budget. Furthermore, LOC-LPWAN optimizes the fairness among sensors by preventing certain sensors from dominating the channel for data transmission. LOC-LPWAN can also be configured to ensure that data packets are received within a specific time bound. Extensive numerical analysis performed with real-world taxi data consisting of 40 vehicles with 24-hour trajectories demonstrate that LOC-LPWAN reduces the cost by 50&#x0025; compared with the baseline approach where no vehicle is used to relay packets. The results also show that LOC-LPWAN improves the throughput by 72.6&#x0025;, enhances the fairness by 65.7&#x0025;, and reduces the delay by 28.8&#x0025; compared with a greedy algorithm given the same amount of budget.

Reducing Operation Cost of LPWAN Roadside Sensors Using Cross Technology Communication