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Simple and accurate expressions for path gain are derived from electromagnetic fundamentals in a wide variety of common environments, including line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) indoor, urban canyons, urban/rural macro, outdoor&#x2013;indoor, and suburban streets with vegetation. Penetration into a scattering region, sometimes aided by guiding, is the &#x201C;universal&#x201D; phenomenon shared by the diverse morphologies. Root mean square (rms) errors against extensive measurements are under 5 dB, better than 3GPP models by 1&#x2013;12 dB rms, depending on the environment. In urban canyons the models have 4.7 dB rms error, as compared to 7.9 dB from linear fit to data and 13.9/17.2 dB from LOS/NLOS 3GPP models. The theoretical path gains depend on distance as a power law with exponents from a small set &#x0007B;1.5, 2, 2.5, and 4&#x0007D;, specific to each morphology. This provides a theoretical justification for widely used power-law empirical models. Only coarse environmental data are needed as parameters: street width, building height, vegetation depth, wall material, and antenna heights.

Universal Path Gain Laws for Common Wireless Communication Environments