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Mode-locked lasers exhibit complex nonlinear dynamics. Precise observation ofthese dynamics will aid in understanding of the underlying physics and providenew insights for laser design and applications. The starting dynamics, frominitial noise fluctuations to the mode-locking regime, have previously beenobserved directly by time-stretched transform-based real-time spectroscopy.However, the regime transition dynamics, which are essential processes inmode-locked lasers, have not yet been resolved because regime transitionprocess tracking is very challenging. Here we demonstrate the first insightinto the regime transition dynamics enabled by our design of a real-timeprogrammable mode-locked fibre laser, in which different operating regimes canbe achieved and switched automatically. The regime transition dynamics amonginitial noise fluctuations, Q-switching, fundamental mode-locking and harmonicmode-locking regimes have been observed and thoroughly analysed by bothtemporal and spectral means. These findings will enrich our understanding ofthe complex dynamics inside mode-locked lasers.

First insight into the regime transition dynamics of mode-locked fibre lasers