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The big wave of Internet of Things (IoT) malware reflects the fragility of the current IoT ecosystem. Research has found that IoT malware can spread quickly on devices of different processer architectures, which leads our attention to cross-architecture binary similarity comparison technology. The goal of binary similarity comparison is to determine whether the semantics of two binary snippets is similar. Existing learning-based approaches usually learn the representations of binary code snippets individually and perform similarity matching based on the distance metric, without considering interbinary semantic interactions. Moreover, they often rely on the large-scale external code corpus for instruction embeddings pretraining, which is heavyweight and easy to suffer the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problem. In this article, we propose an interaction-based cross-architecture IoT binary similarity comparison system, <monospace>Inter</monospace>-<monospace>BIN</monospace>. Our key insight is to introduce interaction between instruction sequences by co-attention mechanism, which can flexibly perform soft alignment of semantically related instructions from different architectures. And we design a lightweight multifeature fusion-based instruction embedding method, which can avoid the heavy workload and the OOV problem of previous approaches. Extensive experiments show that <monospace>Inter</monospace>-<monospace>BIN</monospace> can significantly outperform state-of-the-art approaches on cross-architecture binary similarity comparison tasks of different input granularities. Furthermore, we present an IoT malware function matching data set from real network environments, CrossMal, containing 1878437 cross-architecture reuse function pairs. Experimental results on CrossMal prove that <monospace>Inter</monospace>-<monospace>BIN</monospace> is practical and scalable on real-world binary similarity comparison collections.

Inter-BIN: Interaction-Based Cross-Architecture IoT Binary Similarity Comparison