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With the popularity of mobile devices and development of computationally intensive applications, researchers are focusing on offloading computation to the mobile-edge computing (MEC) server due to its high computational efficiency and low communication delay. As the computing resources of an MEC server are limited, vehicles in the urban area who have abundant idle resources should be fully utilized. However, offloading computing tasks to vehicles faces many challenging issues. In this article, we introduce a vehicular fog-edge computing paradigm and formulate it as a multistage Stackelberg game to deal with these issues. Specifically, vehicles are not obligated to share resources, and let alone disclose their private information (e.g., stay time and the amount of resources). Therefore, in the first stage, we design a contract-based incentive mechanism to motivate vehicles to contribute their idle resources. Next, due to the complicated interactions among vehicles, roadside unit (RSU), MEC server, and mobile device users, it is challenging to coordinate the resources of all parties and design a transaction mechanism to make all entities benefit. In the second and third stages, based on the Stackelberg game, we develop pricing strategies that maximize the utilities of all parties. The analytical forms of optimal strategies for each stage are given. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed incentive mechanism, reveal the trends of energy consumption and offloading decisions of users with various parameters, and present the performance comparison between our framework and existing MEC offloading paradigm in vehicular networks.

Joint Offloading Decision and Resource Allocation for Vehicular Fog-Edge Computing Networks: A Contract-Stackelberg Approach