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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) bear the potential of efficient unsupervised and continual learning capabilities because of their biological plausibility, but their complexity still poses a serious research challenge to enable their energy-efficient design for resource-constrained scenarios (like embedded systems, IoT-Edge, etc.). We propose SpikeDyn, a comprehensive framework for energy-efficient SNNs with continual and unsupervised learning capabilities in dynamic environments, for both the training and inference phases. It is achieved through the following multiple diverse mechanisms: 1) reduction of neuronal operations, by replacing the inhibitory neurons with direct lateral inhibitions; 2) a memory- and energy-constrained SNN model search algorithm that employs analytical models to estimate the memory footprint and energy consumption of different candidate SNN models and selects a Pareto-optimal SNN model; and 3) a lightweight continual and unsupervised learning algorithm that employs adaptive learning rates, adaptive membrane threshold potential, weight decay, and reduction of spurious updates. Our experimental results show that, for a network with 400 excitatory neurons, our SpikeDyn reduces the energy consumption on average by 51&#x0025; for training and by 37&#x0025; for inference, as compared to the state-of-the-art. Due to the improved learning algorithm, SpikeDyn provides on avg. 21&#x0025; accuracy improvement over the state-of-the-art, for classifying the most recently learned task, and by 8&#x0025; on average for the previously learned tasks.

SpikeDyn: A Framework for Energy-Efficient Spiking Neural Networks with Continual and Unsupervised Learning Capabilities in Dynamic Environments