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X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) can probe chemical and biologicalreactions as they unfold with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. Aprincipal challenge in this pursuit is the delivery of samples to the X-rayinteraction point in a way that produces data of the highest possible qualityand efficiency. This is hampered by constraints posed by the light source andoperation within a beamline environment. For liquid samples, the solutiontypically involves a high-speed liquid jet, capable of keeping up with the rateof X-ray pulses. However, conventional jets are not ideal because ofradiation-induced explosions of the jet, as well as their cylindrical geometrycombined with the X-ray pointing instability of many beamlines causes theinteraction volume to differ for every pulse. This complicates data analysisand contributes to measurement errors. An alternative geometry is a liquidsheet jet which, with its constant thickness over large areas, eliminates theX-ray pointing related problems. Since liquid sheets can be made very thin, theradiation-induced explosion is reduced, boosting their stability. They areespecially attractive for experiments which benefit from small interactionvolumes such as fluctuation X-ray scattering and several types of spectroscopy.Although they have seen increasing use for soft X-ray applications in recentyears, there has not yet been wide-scale adoption at XFELs. Here, wedemonstrate liquid sheet jet sample injection at the European XFEL. We evaluateseveral aspects of its performance relative to a conventional liquid jetincluding thickness profile, stability, and radiation-induced explosiondynamics at high repetition rates. The sheet jet exhibits superior performanceacross these critical experimental parameters. Its minute thickness alsosuggests ultrafast single-particle solution scattering is a possibility.

3D-Printed Sheet Jet for Stable Megahertz Liquid Sample Delivery at X-ray Free Electron Lasers