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A compact new furnace, based on a halogen lamp as heater element, and a sample-cell were designed and constructed initially for in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiment in conventional and dispersive mode (transmission and fluorescence geometries). The main application of the apparatus is the thermal treatment studies under controlled conditions for dynamical processes up to 1000 K, with and without gas flux. As example, we have utilized the sol-gel (gelatin) method to synthesize NiO nanoparticles [1,2]. During this heating process, in situ (Ni K-edge) X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements provided evidence of the evolution of Ni environment until the complete NiO nanoparticle crystallization. These results revealed a sequence of phase transformation during the heat treatment, starting from amorphous to NiO crystalline phase, and confirm the capability of XAS techniques to follow the early stage of crystallization of NiO nanoparticles. Also, we have noticed that the particle growth is dependent of carbon matrix concentration, which is produced during the calcinations and act as barrier. All apparatus were developed for experiments at the D06A-DXAS and D04B-XAFS beamlines of the Laboratorio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron (LNLS), Campinas, Brazil. Acknowledgments: CNPq and LNLS. References: [1] Meneses CT, Flores WH, Sotero AP, Tamura E, Garcia F, Sasaki JM. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 13, 468-470, (2006). [2] Meneses CT, Flores WH, Sasaki JM. Chemistry of Materials, 19, 1024-1027 (2007).

Vacuum-ultraviolet circular dichroism of amino acid films by polarizing undulator-based system