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The application of lasers in clinical dental practice is becoming increasingly popular, because of the painless, time-saving, and easy-handling treatment of teeth. However, it is still not clear what really happens with the atomic structure of hydroxyapatite under laser irradiation. To study this issue, different spatial areas of laser-treated human enamel and synthetic hydroxyapatite were investigated by Raman and attenuated total reflectance infrared micro-spectroscopy. The laser-treatment parameters were close to those used in clinical practice. The spectra were collected from spatial areas showing different laser-induced morphological alteration. Inside the laser crater anhydrous calcium phosphate phases are formed, as the degree of structural transformation depends on the applied laser power. In the periphery of the laser spot an exchange of CO3 2to CO2 occurs. When higher laser power is applied, an exchange of molecular groups embedded in hydroxyapatite was detected. In addition, the enhancement of the IR absorption typical for grain-surface OH groups suggests a decrease in the long-range order of apatite crystallites in the periphery of the laser spot. Comparison of spectroscopic data on laserand thermallytreated enamel reveals that inside and in the vicinity of the laser impact region the temperature can reach 1100 K and 700K, respectively. The utilization of super-pulse rather than continuous-wave irradiation mode results in a higher degree of structural alteration and inhomogeneity. m19.p04

Iron carbide phase transitions during high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch