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We characterize the mechanisms of vortex pinning in a superfluid thin filmdescribed by the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We consider avortex "scattering experiment" whereby a single vortex in a superfluid flowinteracts with a circular, uniform pinning potential. By an analogy with lineardielectrics, we develop an analytical hydrodynamic approximation that predictsvortex trajectories, the vortex fixed point and the unpinning velocity. We thensolve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation to validate this model, and build a phaseportrait of vortex pinning. We identify two different dynamical pinningmechanisms marked by distinctive phonon emission signatures: one enabled byacoustic radiation and another mediated by vortex dipoles nucleated within thepin. Relative to obstacle size, we find that pinning potentials on the order ofthe healing length are more effective for vortex capture. Our results could beuseful in mitigating the negative effects of drag due to vortices in superfluidchannels, in analogy to maximising supercurrents in type-II superconductors.

Dynamical mechanisms of vortex pinning in superfluid thin films