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The development of high-brightness free-electron lasers (FEL) hasrevolutionised our ability to create and study matter in thehigh-energy-density (HED) regime. Current diagnostic techniques have been verysuccessful in yielding information on fundamental thermodynamic plasmaproperties, but provide only limited or indirect information on the detailedquantum structure of these systems, and on how it is affected by ionizationdynamics. Here we show how the electronic structure of solid-density nickel,heated to temperatures of 10's of eV on femtosecond timescales, can be studiedby resonant (Raman) inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) using the Linac CoherentLight Source FEL. We present single-shot measurements of the valence density ofstates in the x-ray-heated transient system, and extract simultaneouslyelectron temperatures, ionization, and ionization potential energies. The RIXSspectrum provides a wealth of information on the valence structure of the HEDsystem that goes beyond what can be extracted from x-ray absorption or emissionspectroscopy alone.

Mapping the Electronic Structure of Warm Dense Nickel via Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering