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The impact of liquid drops onto solid surfaces leads to conversion of kineticenergy of directed drop motion into various forms of energy including surfaceenergy, vibrational energy, heat, and under suitable conditions, electricalenergy. The latter has attracted substantial attention in recent years for itspotential to directly convert energy from random environmental flows such asrainfall, spray, and wave motion on the sea to electrical energy. Despite theinvention of numerous configurations of such energy harvesters, the underlyingphysical principles and optimum operation conditions have remained elusive. Inthis letter, we use a combination of high-speed electrical current and videoimaging measurements to develop a parameter-free quantitative description ofthe energy harvesting process for an optimized electrode configuration. A novelelectrowetting-assisted charge injection method, EWCI, enables highly stablesurface charges and robust energy conversion for several months with recordefficiencies exceeding 2.5 percent of the initial kinetic energy.

Electric generation from drops impacting onto charged surfaces