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We observed the atomic $1s$ and $2p$ states of $\pi^-$ bound to ${}^{121}{\rmSn}$ nuclei as distinct peak structures in the missing mass spectra of the${}^{122}{\rm Sn}(d,{}^3{\rm He})$ nuclear reaction. A very intense deuteronbeam and a spectrometer with a large angular acceptance let us achievepotential of discovery, which includes capability of determining theangle-dependent cross sections with high statistics. The $2p$ state in a Snnucleus was observed for the first time. The binding energies and widths of thepionic states are determined and found to be consistent with previousexperimental results of other Sn isotopes. The spectrum is measured at finitereaction angles for the first time. The formation cross sections at thereaction angles between 0 and $2^\circ$ are determined. The observedreaction-angle dependence of each state is reproduced by theoreticalcalculations. However, the quantitative comparison with our high-precision datareveals a significant discrepancy between the measured and calculated formationcross sections of the pionic $1s$ state.

physical review letters

Spectroscopy of pionic atoms in $\mathbf{{}^{122}{\textbf Sn}({\textit  d},{}^3{\textbf He})}$ reaction and angular dependence of the formation cross  sections