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During 2015 the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) provided collisions oftransversely polarized protons with Au and Al nuclei for the first time,enabling the exploration of transverse-single-spin asymmetries with heavynuclei. Large single-spin asymmetries in very forward neutron production havebeen previously observed in transversely polarized $p$$+$$p$ collisions atRHIC, and the existing theoretical framework that was successful in describingthe single-spin asymmetry in $p$$+$$p$ collisions predicts only a moderateatomic-mass-number ($A$) dependence. In contrast, the asymmetries observed atRHIC in $p$$+$$A$ collisions showed a surprisingly strong $A$ dependence ininclusive forward neutron production. The observed asymmetry in $p$$+$Alcollisions is much smaller, while the asymmetry in $p$$+$Au collisions is afactor of three larger in absolute value and of opposite sign. The interplay ofdifferent neutron production mechanisms is discussed as a possible explanationof the observed $A$ dependence.

physical review letters

Nuclear dependence of the transverse-single-spin asymmetry for forward  neutron production in polarized $p$$+$$A$ collisions at  $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV