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Orf virus (ORFV) belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus and induces cutaneous pustular lesions in sheep, goats and humans. ORFV is unusual in that it has the ability to reinfect its host and this suggests that the generation of immunological memory has been impaired, thus exposing the host to subsequent infection. The discovery that ORFV encodes an IL-10-like virokine raises the question of whether this factor adversely affects the cells that initiate the acquired immune response. We examined the effect of ORFV-IL-10 on immature murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Immature BMDC are activated on exposure to antigen and undergo maturation. This process is characterized by increased expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC class II and reduced antigen uptake. We found that the maturation of BMDC is impaired in cells treated with ORFV-IL-10 prior to antigen exposure and this was exemplified by the reduced expression of the cell-surface markers described above. We have also shown that the activation of a haemagglutinin peptide (HAT)-specific T cell hybridoma by dendritic cell-mediated presentation of HAT and heat-inactivated influenza virus AP8/34 was markedly reduced following exposure to ORFV-IL-10. Finally, we examined the effect of ORFV-IL-10 on Langerhans' cell (LC) migration using cultured murine skin explant tissue and showed that this virokine impaired the spontaneous migration of LC from the epidermis and induced changes in LC morphology. Our findings suggest that ORFV-IL-10 has the capacity to impair the initiation of an acquired immune response and hence inhibit the generation of immunological memory necessary for immunity on subsequent exposure.

Orf virus-encoded interleukin-10 inhibits maturation, antigen presentation and migration of murine dendritic cells