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Prisons form part of the criminal justice system and it is estimated that over 9 million people are in penal institutions worldwide. Overcrowding in prisons remains a concern in both developed and developing countries, and is a key causative factor for a myriad of other problems which ultimately turn these custodial settings into breeding grounds for infectious diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis, gonorrhoea, syphilis and tuberculosis. Compared to the general population, prisoners worldwide continue to demonstrate a significantly higher prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (Weinbaum et al., 2005; Goyer, 2003; Allwright et al., 2000; Miranda et al., 2000; Singh et al., 1999). This phenomenon has been attributed to factors such as high-risk sexual behaviour before and during incarceration, intravenous drug use with sharing of syringes and drug paraphernalia, as well as tattooing among inmates (Allwright et al., 2000; Miranda et al., 2000; Butler et al., 1997).

Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis virus infection in correctional institutions in Africa: is this the neglected source of an epidemic?