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Penicillin resistance has been particularly well studied in Streptococcus pneumoniae (Denapaite et al., 2007; Hoban et al., 2005). In this organism, resistance frequently occurs through modifications of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and/or the generation of mosaic PBPs, leading to a decreased affinity for the drug (Nagai et al., 2002). Among clinically relevant streptococci, S. pneumoniae primarily infects humans, while the environmental Streptococcus uberis principally colonizes cattle, in which it is responsible for about one third of cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis (Botrel et al., 2010; Bradley et al., 2007), a type of disease causing major economic loss in the dairy industry worldwide. Currently, penicillin remains one of the first-line antibiotics for the treatment of such pathologies but, in contrast to pneumococci and despite several decades of widespread use, no field case of true penicillin-resistant S. uberis [MIC .16 mg l, according to the CASFM (Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie) – Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology] has been described yet. Furthermore, it is still commonly believed that S. uberis and other Streptococcus spp. implicated in animal intramammary infections are susceptible to this drug. However, isolates presenting decreased susceptibility (MIC of 0.25 to 0.5 mg l) are regularly reported to our laboratory, and a recent study demonstrated the capacity of S. uberis to develop penicillin resistance through a PBP-mediated mechanism similar to S. pneumoniae and the other streptococci studied so far (Haenni et al., 2010).

Demonstration of a shift towards penicillin resistance in the Streptococcus uberis population