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Every naturalist is aware that many species of insects, particularly of hymenopterous insects, which live in society, maintain a degree of heat in their dwellings considerably above that of the external atmosphere, but no one, I believe, has hitherto demonstrated the interesting facts that every individual insect when in a state of activity maintains a separate temperature of body considerably above that of the surrounding atmosphere, or medium in which it is living, and that the amount of temperature varies in different species of insects, and in the different states of those species. Previously, therefore, to considering the connection which subsists between the evolution of animal heat and the functions of respiration and circulation in insects, I shall endeavour to prove that every species maintains a distinct temperature of body, the amount of which differs in the different states of the insect. I was first led to the particular consideration of the subject of temperature in insects by some observations on the temperature of wild bees in their natural haunts, which were made by myself at Richborough, near Sandwich in Kent, in the autumn of 1832, at the suggestion of Dr. Marshall Hall, for the purpose,—similar to that of my observations on respiration, as noticed on a former occasion,—of ascertaining what relation, if any, subsists between the natural heat of these insects in their hybernating condition and the irritability of their muscular fibre. The results of these observations on the temperature of Bees are shown on Table III., Nos. 1 to 14, and together with many other facts connected with the physiology of insects were communicated to Dr. Hall a short time afterwards. These observations were made in the usual manner, by placing a considerable number of insects of the same species together, and then introducing the thermometer among them. But it was a few days previously to making these observations that I first noticed the interesting fact, that each individual insect maintains its own temperature, which is perceptible externally by the thermometer, and that the amount of this varies in the different conditions of the same insect. The observation was first made on the larva ofSphinx Atropos , Linn., and on that ofPygœra bucephala , Steph., as will presently be shown.

XVII. On the temperature of insects, and its connexion with the functions of respiration and circulation in this class of invertebrated animals