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The sex differentiation of the female chick embryo can be totally inverted toward the male sex by an early extraembryonic testis grafting. This sex reversal remains permanent, as shown by three adult fowls described in this paper. They possess two testes associated with normally differentiated male excretory ducts and their Müllerian ducts have regressed. The development of male sex characteristics such as external features, behavior and complete spermatogenesis is evidence that these cocks have endocrine and exocrine capabilities similar to those of normal cocks. Although these cocks were able to mate with female fowls, they were sterile. A mechanism is discussed by which grafted testes induce such modifications in females. Hypotheses considering the heterogametic sex (female in birds) as exerting a dominant influence on the phenotypic sexual differentiation can be discarded in light of our results because a homogametic testis provokes the definitive sex inversion of a female.

Development of the Testes in Female Domestic Fowls Submitted to an Experimental Sex Reversal During Embryonic Life